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Smart Charge · S2 · Episode 7 · 15 September 2026 · 1 hr 30 min

Andreas Mündel, SVP Strategy & Operations Programs, DHL Group

Netzanschluss für E-LKW, Ladeparks mit Grundlastgarantie und der Range Extender

Transcript

Cleaned up from a machine transcript. Translations are machine-generated and may contain errors.

Welcome to the Smart Charge by RiDERgy Podcast. This is Claudio Geyken, founder and CEO of RiDERgy. This is your show to learn about all things energy management and smart charging innovation for electric vehicles and fleets. Today we're talking about DHL. Electric trucks today often don't fail because of the vehicle technology, but because of power supply, grid connection and infrastructure. A single electric truck can require roughly as much energy as 80 delivery vehicles. At some DHL locations, connections with several megawatts would be needed for this.

And even when electricity is available, there's often a lack of space. On peak days, around 200 trucks leave the parcel centre in Ludwigsfelde near Berlin. Andreas Mündel knows this challenge from two perspectives. He's a theoretical physicist and today works in the corporate strategy of DHL Group on the decarbonisation of global business activities. We talk about why the first step towards electrification lies in the plannable parcel network.

Why public charging parks for trucks need their own reservation models, and how logistics could change if electricity prices increasingly determine routes and timetables in future. We also discuss battery swap stations as an alternative to charging, which already work in China, and the question of whether bidirectional charging will play any role at all for DHL, and why sustainability at DHL isn't just an image issue but part of the business model with measurable willingness to pay among customers.

Not least, the differences between countries – from the Netherlands without grid connections to China with standardised battery swapping – show that there's no universal solution. And what the electric trucker demonstrates on his world tour with a semi-trailer at public car charging stations is impressive for an individual, but hardly scalable for DHL's plannable mass operations. So, let's get started. Hello Andreas, great to have you here today. How are you? Yes, thanks for the invitation. I'm good. In such beautiful weather in the middle of Berlin sitting in such a lovely spot.

Yes, I'm completely with you on that. Today in August we really can't complain. Before we dive in, I wanted to learn a bit more about you. Maybe you can catch us up – what's your background? Yes, I'm actually a physicist, even a theoretical physicist. So I started very paper-heavy. Did a doctorate there too. Medium-energy physics, then went through McKinsey and approached more economic topics. I already worked

for the Post there and then later moved completely to DHL – so Deutsche Post DHL, now just DHL. First in Belgium in the Express business, now in corporate strategy, and currently – this closes the circle for me to some extent – responsible for Clean Operations, meaning the decarbonisation of our business. And my job has never had more to do with physics than right now. Ha ha, cool. Yes, we already discussed certain complexities in the preliminary conversation that come up with the topics of energy management and electromobility.

Before we really continue with the topic, I wanted to ask you again: Physics – what was your specialisation, which topics? Just out of curiosity. Well, it was actually quantum physics. I don't want to repeat the title of the thesis now. It had the word heavy ion collisions in it somewhere. It was very, very, very theoretical. And so at some point I had to make the decision whether to do a pretty much 180-degree turn and then dedicate myself to completely different topics. But it still helps me to structure topics.

So I think I'm known for this: Give me a big elephant problem and I'll break it down so it can be worked on. That's what I learned. And that's really almost the only thing – I recently looked at my doctoral thesis again, I can only partly read it myself. With all the integrals it really was a very long time ago. Yes, I can well imagine. I love mathematics, and I also had a lot of physics in university and school. But theoretical physics is considered the master discipline and one of the most complex

study directions you can choose. It was interesting to do. I think you only do it if you want to win a Nobel Prize for yourself. At some point I realised I wouldn't get one, and then I had to do something else. And then straight to McKinsey, strategy consulting – that was actually a relatively viable path for a theoretical physicist to do something completely different. More management consultants came out of my institute than physicists. That's what I did then too.

And that's how I actually got into business and in particular to DHL. What remained for me then – was that a McKinsey project? Actually several projects that I did in total for what was then Deutsche Post AG. And it wasn't actually called Deutsche Post then, because the first project was supporting the IPO – you have to actually – oh yes, that was so long ago. When was that, in which year?

That must have been very early 2000, if not even before, because that was the preparation for the IPO. What's actually the official name now? Because there were already several name changes. You just mentioned Deutsche Post. Meanwhile it's called DHL Group. Because by now really the vast majority of the business is international, we've also gradually reflected that in the name. And DHL Group is then active in various – you could say, most countries in the world, I assume.

And you also have a global role now within the group, don't you? Well, I'm based in the parent company, so to speak in the group company, specifically in the strategy division and right at the interface where we hold together what we call the decarbonisation roadmap. And to my knowledge, we operate in all countries of the world with just one exception, I believe. Though I'm not entirely sure about that. There's actually one country that's politically so difficult that I think we're not there at the moment. But really.

I've also received queries from the EU in the past regarding antitrust regulations, where you really have to tick every country. DHL truly delivers to every country in the world. And accordingly, we have our own operations with our own employees in pretty much every country in the world. So what are the priorities in your area? Well, some time ago we significantly intensified our climate protection efforts and launched something we call the Decarbonisation Roadmap.

We've set ourselves a science-based validated target. Medium-term for 2030: 29 million tonnes – coming down from much more. Last year we were at over 32 million tonnes. And my role now is to pull it all together across the entire scope: What does it actually take? And are we on the right track? What correction discussions are needed? And when you go through it, the priority topics are relatively straightforward.

The biggest topic for us by far is aviation, because over two-thirds of all emissions actually come from our flight activities. In second place comes what we're talking about today: those are the emissions from road transport, mainly from heavy goods transport. And to complete the picture: then comes ocean somewhere, meaning what we do with third-party shipping providers.

And everything related to buildings with us is essentially a rounding error, I always say – it plays only a very minor role in our total footprint. And shipping transport, you can imagine, is smaller not because DHL handles less through ships than a Maersk or others who specialise in that, but rather because air transport simply generates many emissions per tonne of goods transported.

Road transport is mainly larger because literally all our divisions that operate in any way have road transport – both for parcels in Germany, which I think you see when you drive on the motorway at night, and also a European truck network. Whenever we take over logistics for other companies, what we call Supply Chain, distribution logistics always comes with it. Many trucks don't even run under our brands there, but sometimes subcontractors or branded for the customer we're serving.

Trucks are driven everywhere. But we only broker freight capacity on ships in one division, and that's why it's only the third largest. We're already one of the really big forwarders, as it's called. I think Kühne+Nagel is bigger, but we're number two when it comes to forwarding ocean capacity. Well, interesting. And that means you're then responsible for all these areas you just mentioned in terms of clean operations. "Responsible" is a good question – we already talked about that.

But we're deeply convinced at our company that decarbonisation doesn't mean: I do a few nice projects on the side. Rather, if I really want to achieve a target like 29 million tonnes, then I really have to decarbonise my operations as they are. And accordingly, we've placed responsibility for decarbonisation into the line function. Everyone everywhere in our operations is responsible for it – technologies like electric cars, meaning delivery vehicles, electric trucks, or also purchasing sustainable fuels.

That happens in normal operations and decentrally. But of course there's always a unit that holds it all together to determine: Is this going according to plan? Do we need to correct anything somewhere? Is something working better or worse than planned? And what we do with critical technologies, where it's worthwhile to build up competence once instead of a hundred times – there we also help. So we were very active, and I think that's where we first met, in purchasing SAF, sustainable aviation fuel.

Very practically involved in something we call the Deal Factory, where we work through the deals. And we're now also very actively involved in discussions on energy management. And how can I actually electrify a fleet or the transport needs we have in the future? On the road. Yes, because that's also – for those who haven't really looked into it – not that simple. It's not just about the drive being electric now, it's a systems question. And many topics play into that.

When did you realise: Oh, this topic is more complex than it might have seemed? Yes, that's a good question. Actually, this has been very clear to me and to us at DHL for a very long time, because we started electrifying our delivery vehicles ages ago. That started so early that we even had to produce our own, because there weren't any yet. And on that occasion we also programmed the load management ourselves, because there wasn't an adequate one either. We're talking about the 2010s. Yes, exactly. So really a decade ago already.

So well over a decade where we have experience. Now come the numbers again, where I have to be careful. So well over 40,000 electric vehicles we have there. We manage, I don't know, around 6,000 per year additionally. That means we know how to electrify. And if you compare that now with trucks, then it's all just at a sandbox level. But at least the first problems are emerging.

So we didn't program this in-house load and charging management out of boredom, but because when you want to charge such a large fleet, there are problems that don't occur at a single charging point at home. And so we noticed relatively early on that there's something special about it. But we also talked again and roughly calculated: with trucks, the whole thing increases by orders of magnitude. We had calculated that one truck corresponds to roughly 80 of our delivery vehicles.

And with that it becomes very quickly a very, very big problem that needs to be solved if I want to electrify the number of trucks that we operate and that we plan to electrify in the immediate future. Yes, and if we want to break down what the dimensions are that create the complexity for the listeners – if you really want to explain the complexity: What would be the core aspects in your words that make the whole problem complex?

Well, first of all, I actually believe that electrifying trucks is no longer really a problem of the technology of the trucks. I believe there are adequate trucks and very exciting models are now coming onto the market. It's actually a problem of infrastructure and the electricity I need to electrify them. And not even so much a problem of: where does the green electricity come from? But first of all: where does the electricity come from at all? Neither is the public charging infrastructure developed enough that you can rely on it, right through to not really existent.

There's still a big difference: I have a DC charger where I can drive to with the car, and theoretically I can get there with the truck too. But practically, if it has a semi-trailer attached, not really, because it would have to uncouple it. And we also immediately found that we have bottlenecks: how much electricity can I get to our sites? At many sites – at almost all of them – we naturally didn't think back then: how much electricity might I need there in the future? And there's actually only very limited capacity in the ground there.

Really physically, in terms of cabling – no more is possible there. Can you mention certain values that are typical? Well, we haven't needed that much. There are only a few sites where a large sorter runs, and even that doesn't need that much. And actually the delivery fleet too – I always say somewhat flippantly: we charge with the doorbell wire. It's actually all very, very simple. But when I charge a truck, then I need a connection, and I'm very quickly at five megavolt-amperes. That's quite a lot then.

I once saw the municipal utilities here in Berlin where they charge their buses. They certainly have a depot with ten megavolt-amperes. But they also already have a medium-voltage connection lying there. So the first question is: where can I do this at all? Partially you can unlock additional capacities on what's in the ground. Partially it actually has to be rewired. At the very least a new transformer has to be installed at our sites. This is regulated in Germany in a super decentralized way via the decentralized grid operators – many, many, many, 860, I believe, in Germany, also nearly 900.

Exactly, all with different rules. And you get answers ranging from: yes, we can do it, we can reserve it, costs money, you'll have to use it then – right through to: come back in 2030, we don't have time before then. And that's actually the reason why we maintain a positive list of which sites we actually have the electricity to charge at. So you meant the distribution grid operators sometimes say they just have too many requests, and therefore they refer you: please come back in 2030?

They don't currently just have too many requests for electrification – I don't even believe that. They simply currently have an infinite problem getting all this solar capacity into the grid and driving the necessary expansion effort for it. And the capacities are actually limited. You probably get 870 different answers, but it also depends very locally. But yes, we recognized very early on that we need to reserve grid connection capacities, which by the way isn't possible everywhere.

But we have a very precise idea of where it's at least being developed now for Germany. Where is it available? Where can we get to? Where could we accordingly build charging points? And if there's then no capacity in this one distribution grid, which says 2030 again – do you accept that then and say: okay, then try again in 2030? Or do you then try other approaches? Yes and no. So first of all: the advantage of DHL is that we're very, very large. So we find

at first enough trucks that can be electrified – let me say that somewhat flippantly. There will be people in operations who will immediately say: yes, but. But fundamentally we naturally have every use case and very, very many trucks. And in that respect we can then initially switch to other trucks. Are we thinking about alternatives? So, what we haven't talked about yet is that we also don't have enough space at all to charge trucks at our sites. We have very, very many different use cases.

The biggest one we have, and where we're actually starting to electrify, is what makes up our parcel network. That's the night jump, as we like to call it. Those are the many thousands of trucks you see driving between parcel centres every night. Why? Because we have the framework conditions best under control there. We send them out ourselves. We know the schedules. We know the distances. We know exactly what the trucks do additionally during the day. We can pick out precisely the ones that can be electrified.

And then we map that against the locations where there's actually enough grid connection capacity. The next bottleneck after connection capacity is actually parking space at our sites, because the trucks don't stand there – they come, pick up the swap body on top, because they're not the exact containers, and drive off again. They don't stand there. And we don't even have space for them to stand there. I just told you: here in Berlin, near Ludwigsfelde, large parcel centre – on peak days there are sometimes 200 trucks leaving from there.

We don't have parking space for 200 trucks. They're not standing there the whole time just waiting either. So we assume that in future too, charging will take place outside our own depots. There may be sites that still belong to us and where we operate nothing but a charging park for ourselves. But we're also in many discussions with the major – future charging park, one has to say – future charging park operators for trucks, because in the long term it will be a mix. Where exactly the balance lies, we don't know.

So if a site can't charge at all itself: battery is one option to buffer a bit, but also to charge significantly fewer trucks at the site itself. So that becomes a very complex problem because you have so many degrees of freedom. That's where you notice why it moves towards system optimisation, as you said at the beginning. Yes. And just to clarify for those who aren't so deep into it: When you receive a parcel at home, you don't see the whole chain behind it.

Perhaps it's also interesting for someone who doesn't know this yet: What exactly are the use cases of electric trucks for you? Well, on one hand you have to get from one logistics centre to another. That's what you just – yes, at night from one large parcel centre to the next large parcel centre. The trucks do that. And what other use cases are there for you? So the next one we're actually looking at is something we call Green Corridors. In the normal – as we call it – supply chain or freight business, there's

now I have to use all the technical terms – inbound to manufacturing, so the flow into a production factory. And automotive traffic lends itself to that. Everyone knows that's manufactured very decentrally. The components are driven to a plant and manufactured there. In the plant, cars roll off the assembly line at a relatively high speed. If you now calculate: somehow everything that comes out must in principle also come in – and that from many, many different plants.

And those are very constantly driven routes, but sometimes very, very long distances. We're currently looking at an example that would go right across Europe. Wow. Bringing not small spare parts, but large, assembled components. That's then a corridor on which we send a truck roughly every two to three hours. And to think about it: If I can get that electrified, I've gained quite a lot, because then it's no longer about 12 trucks. Then you suddenly have 40, 50 trucks that are on the road on such a corridor, electrified.

And then charging en route becomes interesting. Then you can also consider: Who are partners with whom I can charge en route? Charging park operators, my own site en route where I can then charge the truck. That's the next use case you can electrify. That's very interesting. Here too, the devil is in the detail, because that's the scale. It's not about potentially being able to charge at this route sometime. If we come past a charging point every three hours, it basically stands there just for us.

We would completely occupy such a charging point at a stop, let's say. You have to check: Is that there? What happens if it breaks down? Is there a backup? What happens if the road is closed? Can it simply take a detour? Or does it then stand somewhere without a charging point? The reliability and scale alone then make that a challenge too. And then there's a completely different use case, because we also run distribution traffic.

Warehouses that during the day – I'd say typically: a food retailer, a large supermarket chain has a central warehouse, drives during the day in so-called milk run tours to five, six supermarkets and then back again. Those are trucks that stand all night and don't drive such large distances during the day. That makes the business case a bit difficult. On the other hand, they're relatively easy to electrify. They really do stand at night and for long periods. Unfortunately, so many of them stand at one site again that it's also difficult again to get enough electricity there.

But these are completely different use cases. You can see there: we can play around with it a bit. Where is it easiest? Where do we start? And the very first step for us was precisely this parcel network – not because it's the easiest truck to electrify, but because the framework conditions depend so exclusively on us and very little on public charging. We only charge at our own sites initially. Yes, because that's exactly the crucial point: complexity and control. How much influence do you have over your own operations?

If it's suppliers and subcontractors, you have less influence. Or if the location, as you just mentioned with the automotive example, isn't your own either. Own property – the property issue – and who owns the vehicles is definitely an additional complexity. Yes, and why do we mainly still charge at our own sites? Because it's actually still the cheapest. I mean, an electric truck is very expensive to purchase.

And it pays off, firstly – because I save on tolls, it has to be said fairly – Germany is actually a very interesting country, and tolls are also a very good tool for promoting this. And secondly, because I have lower energy costs. Actually, electricity should be cheaper than the diesel I fill up with. You can calculate that. That's the case at 38, 37 euros or cheaper, but not at the 0.70 euros I currently pay at the charging station on the motorway. So something still needs to happen there.

Completely new business models need to be created so that you can conclude framework agreements and then reliably charge cheaply. And now that I say 'reliably': there's still no reservation system out there. So such a public charging network would only be truly usable for us if I can reserve slots and be certain that when a truck does need to charge for half an hour at night, it will actually find that and not be blocked by another truck.

Yes, because that affects our reliability of night-time operations. These are things that simply don't exist yet. And regarding electric vans – just so we don't leave that topic completely aside: are the use cases we've just discussed actually completely irrelevant and is there only this one last-mile delivery for you? Or is it also the case that certain complexities need to be considered with vans in a similar way? I said we're playing – it's at sandbox level.

It has similar complexities, but scaled down significantly. The main use case for us with the smaller vehicles is actually the vans. They're parked at night and drive during the day. Incidentally, they cover surprisingly few kilometres. An average delivery tour is about 100 kilometres, sometimes less. That means a correspondingly small battery is all I need, and correspondingly little charging capacity at night. That means I can get them charged relatively easily at night. It's not a connection limitation. I still need to control it somewhat intelligently.

We learned right at the beginning: in case of lightning strike, when the power fails, all charging points first go into standby mode and don't think to continue charging. That has obviously been fixed in the meantime. Such teething problems – we've had all of that and solved everything. But it's a completely different level from when I start electrifying trucks. But I mean, you don't have the subcontractor issue there, and having to figure out where they can even charge because there's no space. Partially.

Actually, we own far, far more vehicles ourselves for delivery – almost all the ones we operate in Germany. It's not always like that abroad. We're electrifying everywhere in the world, not just in Germany. There are subcontractor models in some places. But it's significantly easier: an electric van isn't much more expensive than a diesel van anymore. What puts off the subcontractor first is: I have to make a very high initial investment that only amortises over 5, 6, 7 years. And then the leasing company or the lender asks:

'Well, how secure is your income over 5, 6, 7 years?' – in a small medium-sized company, a fleet operator, that's not rated very highly. And then you end up with very, very expensive leasing contracts, and that makes it much more complicated. Meanwhile the difference isn't that big anymore. Electric vans and diesel vans are no longer really significantly different in price. And when did you start with e-trucks, the electrification of trucks? And roughly where do you stand with that?

Where we stand is, I think, relatively easy to state. We're now out of the pilot phase. For me, pilot means: a truck drives outside actual operations under conditions similar to operations, so actually has nothing to do with real operations. We've been doing that for a long time, we're doing it in many countries, and we're still doing it to try out new trucks as well – Tesla Truck USA, to name an example. It's finally running, we announced it a long time ago, we've already driven it. A major finding:

It has a centre seat. When you drive onto a factory site and then – depending on which country you're in – roll down the right or left window and talk to the security guard, it's difficult for him because he's sitting in the middle. A nice detail. But for about two years now we've been working on rolling out larger numbers of electric trucks in operations as well. And I think we've been doing that for a year now. There were already several hundred electric trucks worldwide in our fleet. I think you have to be a bit careful with the advertising.

With the eActros 600, so with trucks that achieve this range, you have a truck you can get into operations. It's always a trade-off: the longer the routes I drive, the harder it is to electrify, because sometimes it gets tight. Conversely: if it obviously pays for itself through energy cost savings and tolls, then I have to drive quite a lot. For Germany, as a rule of thumb, from about 100,000 kilometres annual mileage – most of it on motorways – I basically have a break-even business case if I charge smartly.

But 100,000 kilometres is quite a lot that you have to drive. And that's why you also need a truck that has a certain range. And how much influence do you have on your subcontractors to electrify? Is that something you can influence very strongly, or is it also difficult to support them on that journey? We try a lot. It's naturally a long-tail problem – you quickly get to 40,000 subcontractors driving for us.

Of course there are larger ones with whom we also have bigger fleet contracts and where you can also talk about it more as partners. But what we're also trying to do is simply provide assistance. There's something like a partner store at our company, where there are discount vouchers, let's say, for electric trucks. We talk to leasing companies about how we can arrive at more attractive leasing concepts when DHL stands behind it as the end customer for freight. We try to help there. And especially when we think about the green corridors:

That is then, as I said, quite a long route. On it drive one, two, three subcontractors who are typically larger – with them you do enter into a partnership dialogue: how do I get this solved now for this route? But at the end of the day, unlike SAF in aviation with few airlines and few manufacturers, here it's really a problem: how do I get this across 40,000 subcontractors? And if I then think not just of Germany but of Europe and the world, then also in different languages and with medium-sized companies.

And you just mentioned it: the route that then needs to be electrified – is it the case that this route is relatively constant and fixed, or do the route and distance vary? There are 40,000 subcontractors, and are the routes then rather constant, or do they all vary as well? Yes, depending on the business model. As I said, we start with the parcel network. That's a very fixed plan that's being driven, it's only volume-dependent. But then more trucks simply drive on this route. But it's always the same routes that are driven.

Most on Mondays, because a lot is ordered online at the weekend – we know that, then we can send them off. On these green corridors it's also always the same route: producing plant to plant where it's assembled – that can also be planned. But there are also completely different transport operations where a truck is booked to drive once from A to B. That's where we haven't looked first, because it's completely flexible.

But what does pose a problem for us: even if I now say, from a producing plant to an assembly plant is fixed – it's only fixed for a certain time. We also don't have a contract with our customer for ten years. Those are typically two-year contracts, such a truck. But it lasts longer than two years. So you have to think: what do I do with trucks that I can no longer deploy completely flexibly?

That's not really such a problem at the beginning with the first hundred trucks, I'll say somewhat provocatively. But the bigger the fleet gets, you have to think: it can't be deployed universally at a later point in time. And how much influence do you have to influence the charging parks, so that when you can't charge at your sites due to lack of space, you get them to install charging parks on certain routes?

Or do they do that automatically because the TEN corridors and so on are being built, which are also relevant for you? Also a good question. We're naturally in many discussions and trying to synchronise that. In many places it coincides, because precisely the TEN corridors – they don't come from nowhere. They partly also know where large logistics centres are. If you think about where I need to build a central warehouse in Germany so I can reach Germany, you end up at the Kamen Cross. All logisticians know that. There's a lot going on there.

A charging park will automatically emerge there. A lot is happening by chance right now. We've also spoken with the charging park operators: come on, that's a win-win situation. You want to build such a charging park. It'll be empty at first, it won't be fully utilised, it'll only grow. We can synchronise this. Tell me, you're building ten charging points – we can occupy eight. Then we'll get eight trucks at this location and charge them there. In return we'd have a particularly favourable tariff because we're securing you base load.

We've discussed this several times, and this idea is slowly starting to sink in. But in fact, it is a different business model. They come from more of a petrol station logic. They have more of a fixed pump price in mind and say it costs this much to charge. And we say: No, if I take a certain base volume from you, then it has to be cheaper. And those business models are currently developing.

Yes, I've also noticed that a model is establishing itself in the market where you really have to call off this volume – that there are many charge point operators who also demand this. Yes, indeed. And then we come back to the problem that actually subcontractors are driving for us. I can hardly enter into a purchase guarantee for the subcontractor. So there is actually still a problem to solve there. Of course, we can say based on volume: I can commit to a certain base load.

And then I still have enough volume left to play with. Our size works in our favour there again. But actually there is this relationship: I can actually take a large volume, but then through a subcontractor who actually has to be part of the contract. And then you get the idea: Can I actually issue fuel cards where I supply him with the energy? I'll buy the energy for you, dear subcontractor, you fuel up on my fuel card – with HVO it will work the same way soon, but also electrically. And then we can somehow sort that out.

All of this is currently being established. But everyone has to play along. And then complexity also comes in: Green is not always the same as green – or CO₂-reduced, I should say correctly – is not always the same as CO₂-reduced. You always have to provide proof that proper HVO was fuelled or that green electricity went into the truck. And in this construct with a subcontractor, that can potentially be very complex. And we're currently trying to clarify all of this so that there are standard models.

So that it can then be put together modularly for subcontractors as well. And do you see fundamental hurdles? These are of course all complex topics. A few years ago, it was always hydrogen versus e-trucks. Now I think it's almost consensus that a hydrogen truck probably won't come anymore – even in long-haul transport, which is considered even more complex. What's your opinion on that? Well, I also believe that for all applications that are relevant to us, the electric truck will prevail.

We ourselves are discussing both battery-swapping concepts and range-extender trucks, which can cushion a bit the initial hurdles I've just mentioned. But behind everything there is actually an electric truck as a basic concept – that's where it would go. Interesting whether hydrogen really won't feature in any niche application. I'm not entirely sure about that because I'm not familiar with it. So those large cranes that build up all the grain silos – whether they can necessarily all be electrified as well.

But I believe that in regular transport that we operate, electric will win. The major hurdles I have, I've already mentioned: the grid connection, the public infrastructure and lack of space for parking. There are many new business models that still need to emerge – how I get access to favourable framework contracts with a certain purchase guarantee for electricity that I can also reserve, I still need to establish. Very long-term, I believe it's also something in people's minds. And I don't yet know how big that problem will become.

To be fair, we have to say: we're past the pilot phase. Right now we're electrifying trucks and saying: please behave like a diesel truck. Because even if there are 10 or 100, compared to the many thousands that's small. And there the tail isn't wagging the dog, but the dog is wagging the tail. Our network is optimised for diesel trucks. We haven't changed that yet, and we won't change it for the first 10 trucks either. But I'm quite certain that logistics, when you think it through completely electrically, looks very different.

When electricity is so cheap at certain times, then our operations managers will also start to tinker with the holiest thing they have – namely their network plan – in order to get cheaper charging times, which they're not doing at the moment. At the moment we're electrifying trucks that fit exactly – we look at the driving profile – fit exactly. And then we charge them when they're standing, cost what it may. And since what it may cost is really very expensive, you might then build a battery there to buffer it.

But in the very long term, you'll optimise a logistics network with different framework parameters. What today almost always stands at a motorway junction might in future as a logistics centre also stand at the power line, namely where the electricity arrives. And you'd asked whether we wouldn't deliver parcels at night so we can charge during the day. I don't think it will happen that extremely. But whether we then adjust our network schedule where we don't do it today because the majority is still diesel after all –

that will come entirely of its own accord when you consider how different electricity prices are. And when I get there, then I have to think about logistics completely afresh. Then I actually have to talk to the operations managers, whom I'm currently reassuring by saying: I'm not touching your network plan, I'll drive when you tell me to, and I'll charge when you tell me to – that suddenly becomes a dialogue: when should we ideally charge, and how do we make that work? And that, I believe, is another change management process that I wouldn't underestimate, which still lies ahead of us.

I also find it very exciting. Perhaps I'll allow myself a small comment. Jensen Huang, who I think is very well known by now, recently had a longer podcast that I listened to, with Lex Fridman – for those who like podcasts, highly recommended. And he had three hours – we won't do that today, don't worry – with Jensen Huang. And then lots of interesting questions about the future of AI and GPUs and so on. And he asked him:

is there a question I should have asked you that I didn't ask you? And then Jensen Huang said: yes, in the future we need to adapt data centers and AI computing centers more based on the energy system. Today it's like this: we look at what the peak load of the data center is, and basically adapt our grid connection capacity to that. And then sometimes we don't get the capacity, which is unfortunate, because then we sometimes can't build an entire data center because we're targeting that peak load.

And there are many computing units and computing use cases that could be adapted based on the energy system. So even in cutting-edge AI – let's say, where everything is just a race to the bottom, as fast as possible – people are thinking about it. And I also find it exciting that you mention that. And I wonder though, how much flexibility – I don't know if you've already thought about this – how you could actually change these different plans. Would you then drive more at night, or whatever.

Could you perhaps expand on that thought a bit more? That's one of the big questions we're currently asking ourselves: where actually is the flexibility we see in the future when it comes to charging? So firstly, we're not really charging yet – we're starting with trucks. But once again briefly for comparison: if we electrify just 10% of our truck fleet, then we'll very quickly have double the energy consumption we have today.

That means we'll consume a multiple of the electricity, at times when we don't really know exactly when that is, because so far we've only been charging relatively few of our operations. And then to control that intelligently, towards a point in time when charging costs as little as possible, is a very complex problem that we're now slowly – I always say: cutting an elephant into pieces – at the beginning trying to cut into pieces. At the moment we're trying to think with a partner about how I design the entire electricity sourcing for Germany.

Balance group is such a keyword there – all consumers under one large offtaker, let's say. And then we make a relatively strong cut and say: underneath that there's a site, and this site optimizes itself. Has energy management. We have load management for charging, has the systems that are needed at a site to control and optimize the complete site – possibly with PV, battery, trucks, maybe our sorting facility, if necessary we still have an old combined heat and power plant built there – and then a so-called day-ahead forecasting.

What do I need to send to headquarters tomorrow? And headquarters – initially in a simplified model – only sends down what electricity costs in the quarter hours on the next day, so that the site can orient itself accordingly. That's a relatively simple communication – there's a bit more back and forth, but initially completely separate. Now my theoretical physicist comes in again: unfortunately, the sum of all local maxima, if I've optimized all sites, is not the optimum of the overall system.

Actually they still need to communicate much more strongly with each other so that I can solve the overall system. We've left that out for now. We've now first disaggregated it into this point in order to tackle this big topic at all. And what other flexibility is there in planning delivery traffic? So, where you say: the constraint is the planning, and that absolutely has to happen now.

And if mobility can be influenced because of the energy system, you just wonder how much flexibility you have. I don't think now that we'll come to a completely different delivery time, because quite simply we deliver very heavily to shops. And they have opening hours – we also have to meet someone there, during the day. But currently our network consists of nearly 40 large transshipment points, let's say, in large parcel centers like in Ludwigsfelde, which all exchange trucks with each other. That's the optimum.

What I have now with the current flows of parcels and the diesel truck: very long distances may occur under certain circumstances. It may be that a future network then looks different, with somewhat shorter distances and more nodes – which I wouldn't calculate at the moment, but in the future, because I can then drive shorter and charge differently. I can bring such flexibilities into that. But as I said, there are also different models. The distribution traffic from a central warehouse that drives during the day – I can basically cycle that through the whole night.

And whether they might be on the road somewhat earlier in the future, take a big charging break at midday because there's particularly a lot of electricity in the grid, and then drive later in the evening – currently still with two drivers, because that then diverges with the time systems. In the future with autonomous driving perhaps no problem at all. So completely new flexibilities can come along where you don't suspect any today. I think that's also not so easy to predict. It will inch its way there to some extent. There's still an unknown in there.

Right now we – and many others as well – are building a lot of battery storage to simulate the flexibility that isn't currently in the system through storage. But once the capacity is there, I won't need to flexibilise so much. Then the question becomes: How much capacity will I have installed at any given point in time, and can I deliver the necessary flexibility through these buffer storage systems instead of through actual adjustments to my operations? There too, I don't know where the exact limit will be.

When you're using battery swapping, you've basically already created an extra piece of battery storage for each truck. Then I need to adjust operations much less than if I don't do that. And battery swapping – how do you look at that topic? Well, anyone who follows this a bit and looks around – we who travel worldwide and also a lot in China – and anyone who spends a lot of time in China sees that there's already a lot possible there that isn't possible elsewhere yet.

There it works very, very standardised with Chinese manufacturers. And it solves many problems. And accordingly we're also looking at whether it can help us here in Germany. I myself am somewhat sceptical, because I know how much work is still needed to really achieve that – in terms of standardisations, and first of all OEMs in Germany agreeing, or Chinese OEMs getting road approval here. Those are hurdles that are easily underestimated.

Nevertheless, I also know that my team is pushing exactly that forward anyway, simply because we want to keep all options open. We're also the ones thinking about a so‑called range‑extender truck. That's very exciting. I'm hearing that for the first time – the Chinese have bet on hybrids in cars, many with this range extender, BYD for example. But I hadn't heard that for trucks yet. Yes, because we've found out how difficult it is with charging, we and our operations feel somewhat more comfortable.

When the whole system is somewhat – as they say nowadays – more resilient, more resistant. And in fact we would – we've thought this through many times – a truck where, put simply, one battery module has been left out and a diesel generator is installed that generates power from time to time to support. And from time to time not with the idea: I only drive with this part, but it still gets charged most of the time. It also tracks this electronically so I don't get toll credits for something I haven't done.

You can do all of that. We've clarified that too. We've also discussed at length how to implement something like that reliably. But it brings a lot of stability into the whole system, because such a charging station is very expensive. If we put one somewhere, then we try to get about four or more trucks past it. Usually we have such a dual charging station so it's worthwhile. If our truck is standing somewhere and arrives two hours late, then its charging slot may already be taken. Some truck won't be able to charge.

And we don't yet have so much at our sites that you can say: Then take the other one. Then we have a real problem. Then our entire operation is delayed by two hours, right? But we have the chance to call or radio the truck and say: Listen, you won't be able to charge soon. Please try to generate some power through that already. Besides, it's – but funny and actually illogical – such an electric truck needs roughly different amounts of power.

Whether it's driving in summer with a tailwind on dry road or in winter into a headwind on snowy slush – and roughly different I mean. At the moment we have to dimension all our routes for the winter case, because the truck should also drive this route in winter. That would immediately fall away. We could actually cope with extreme situations – then add a traffic jam – anyway, because such a truck is allowed to generate additional power a certain percentage of the time. That would bring a lot of security into the system. Despite all that: What are the counter‑arguments?

Then you're not building charging infrastructure again. No, the truck isn't dimensioned so it can drive with that. It can support. We still have to build the infrastructure, and all the research is still going into electric trucks. It's a full electric truck with electric drive. Only a small diesel engine is installed instead of a battery. Nothing new is being invented. I can continue working completely on optimising an electric truck while still giving ourselves a bit of operational security in the initial phase.

That makes sense. Have you actually seen the Elektrotrucker as well? A few of his videos – you know, the Elektrotrucker. Exactly. I haven't just seen the Elektrotrucker. I'm also seeing him now at IAA, because he's going to do a world tour. Exactly. And on this world tour he has two problems: There's water between continents, and there may also be situations where he needs spare parts. And in fact he approached us – or we approached him – and said: Can't we do something together?

Indeed, we sponsor him. We actually ship his truck from one country to another, and we're also responsible for spare parts logistics when needed. We've met with him several times. He's also made very critical comments about our electric range extender. He wondered: if you install that, then you're not building charging infrastructure. We've had great discussions with him. I think he'll see it differently now. But yes, we definitely know him. Okay, fascinating.

Yes, because I wanted to ask how you assess it. For those who don't know, he also comes from an entrepreneurial background and, I believe, is also an engineer. That means he's perhaps not the most typical trucker. And in his videos he shows quite well how he deals with all these hurdles. Yes, and especially this uncoupling that he does. That's why he's also used many charging stations that weren't actually intended for trucks but rather for cars. Do you see that as realistic when it scales?

Or was that good for the beginning to bring people along, to show that it's even possible, and will it stay that way? Well, I've watched many of his videos because you can have internal discussions with them. Look what all doesn't work. You have to understand: he's electrifying a very specific use case. They drive what we would call FTL – Full Truckload. Someone hires a truck like you hire a taxi, along the lines of: I now need to take a load from – he also works out of Hamburg – from somewhere in Hamburg to Spain.

And then this truck drives very, very long distances and typically has to call the destination: I'll be there around tomorrow afternoon – when can I get a slot for unloading? Then he gets it and can plan completely flexibly around it. That's a use case we didn't start with because then all the intelligence – how I make it flexible – is in Elektrotrucker's head, because he looks precisely at: when am I there? Where else can I charge? How do I do this?

It works, but it's something that only scales to a very limited extent if you want to go through it case by case. We're not looking at these use cases yet, but it's one with actually relatively a lot of flexibility. And that's what he's alluding to now. As a rule, he also doesn't drive these articulated trucks that we have with a trailer that's much more difficult to uncouple. And then the truck is still big. He drives a semi-trailer, and you can uncouple that relatively quickly. And then the vehicle is relatively small.

In principle, it can then access any car parking space. And DC chargers for cars exist across Europe such that you can drive. That's not really a problem anymore. Very rarely you might find them all occupied. In that respect, he can get everywhere. And he has the flexibility to take longer breaks, uncouple and do that, because he doesn't drive on such a tight schedule. It works. It's quite interesting then to see how he solves it, sometimes works around things or drives around in Spain and worries whether he'll still get somewhere.

But these are completely different use cases. And no, I don't think these car charging stations will scale, because firstly you can't really get there in a truck. There are many restrictions apart from that. I have to be able to drive through there. If I don't have a semi-trailer, I have to stand there with the long truck. I think if we as DHL frequently blocked four charging stations overnight with such a thing with our branded vehicles, we'd very quickly have headlines we don't want. And for trucks I have to be able to reserve them.

I need a reservation system from which I can very conveniently say from my vehicle's telemetry: I'll get there at that time, please keep this slot free. Because I can also have a longer coffee if everything's occupied. That works in the private sector. That doesn't work in the area where we operate. That's supplementary at the beginning. But for trucks there will have to be dedicated charging parks that also have access restrictions and where it's guaranteed that the charging station is free. Those are also being developed.

They do exist, although I've never actually seen this reservation system live. Okay, fascinating. And then to come to the topic of optimisation: there are various ways you can optimise the electricity price – on the one hand self-consumption with your own solar system, on the other hand grid fees via load peaks, which have certain costs or also represent bottlenecks. And then from the grid operators there's either Section 14a or StromNEV Section 19, meaning certain time windows where it's cheaper.

Or also, of course, as you already mentioned, these day-ahead prices that change every 15 minutes. And Germany has, I believe, the highest price differences in volatility in the world. And all of that in one direction. And then of course the whole topic of bidirectionality in the other direction. What do you see? Where do you see the most potential also for you? And to what extent are some topics perhaps not even that relevant for you? I would have said earlier: at the moment we're still in the phase where we're trying to electrify the trucks where it works now.

And then we charge them at the time when they're stationary – cost what it may. Put somewhat flippantly. But with "cost what it may" we're actually already trying with load management that can at least do peak shaving, or indeed also with battery storage that then manages peak shaving, so that the first saving comes through peak shaving. I would say: storage capacity and peak shaving. The next thing that has to happen is then – and this will happen all on its own due to the price incentive – to try to charge where it's temporally cheap.

We're already doing that within the time window when the truck is parked anyway – letting it charge when it's cheapest. That leads to some interesting discussions too: if it's right at the end of the window, the operations manager prefers earlier to be on the safe side. The person who wants to save money says a bit of risk is fine, charge later – that's already an interesting debate.

It gets even more interesting when you're willing to adjust operational processes to enable a cheaper charging window – not case by case, but fundamentally planning the network that way. But I think that's still some way off in the medium-term future. What I see less of is bidirectional charging, because we're currently trying to solve the problem – and it's already extremely complicated. How do I even get enough power into the trucks? And then how do I get it in at a favourable time? That's already very complex.

And only once I've solved that and can build on it and say, now I'm confident enough to pump even more in, to play an arbitrage game and take it back out of the system – I think that's so far in the future that I don't see it. Grid-friendly charging, as it's nicely called, adapting time windows will happen through price incentives, and relatively soon at that. I don't see this bidirectional charging in the near future, not in general in the near future anyway.

Even in general I have a question about it, because we already said this. By that time, many battery storage systems will have been built to do peak shaving, to enable sites that don't have nearly enough connection capacity to charge four trucks in the evening within a time window after all. And then I always draw on the capacity from those batteries first, before I go to the truck.

And I can absolutely envision a scenario where enough battery capacity is installed that I wouldn't even need to touch the trucks. Because I think the point in time when I can really charge trucks with surplus electricity at favourable times is quite far in the future, because so much keeps getting added every year. So by 2030 we'll have more than 10 per cent. But 20 would already be a lot, less than 30 per cent electrified. We still need a whole decade just to electrify the majority of truck traffic. During that time,

the volume that I have to get into trucks cheaply keeps growing. And only once I have that completely can I play around and say, the point in time when I can really say: I have so much electricity that I can push it into trucks cheaply at any time, that I can also think about artificially taking power out of the system and not using it for driving – I still see that as very far away. And we've talked a lot about electric trucks, but for your electric vans, those aren't exactly a small number of vehicles either.

Do you see that differently, or is it transferable one-to-one? I don't think it's transferable one-to-one there. Really? The amount of electricity isn't that large, but the question does arise – now the physicist is speaking again, not the pragmatist. Indeed. I had said they don't drive that much. They come back during late afternoon, then they're not yet empty. That's the time when electricity on the grid is most expensive. The game is quite tempting.

But to retrofit the entire infrastructure now for this small amount of electricity, so that they not only charge bidirectionally but we also have the corresponding energy management systems at many, many thousands of sites – I think that's difficult. It probably won't pay off. Although, I have thought about it. They actually do come back half-empty at the time when electricity on the grid is quite predictably most expensive. But it's super decentralised, very small batteries, incredibly hard to tap. And then – we've talked a lot about Germany.

And these projects you have – but as you said, you're only not an operator in one country in the world. Can many of the topics we've just discussed, or almost all topics, be transferred one-to-one to other countries? Or would you say there are clear differences? Country by country, huge differences. That's something I've learned too. Sustainable aviation fuel is global – it doesn't get more global than that. It's a single issue.

When it comes to trucks or even our vans, then it's quite different country by country for very different reasons. The ratio of electricity price to diesel price leads to significantly different business cases. At the moment it's still the case that road toll, road charges, are in principle a very important component. And we only have that in very few countries – Switzerland, quite a few in Europe, but out there it gets very difficult. It also depends very much on the level. Then there are

pockets of opportunity like the Tesla Semi in the USA, which is only available in very limited numbers. You really have to look very carefully country by country. Even in Germany I have infinitely detailed discussions about driving time regulations, driving time extensions for electric truck drivers and so on. You really have to solve very country-specific problems there. In the Netherlands you wouldn't think about electrification at all right now, or until recently, because they haven't got their grid under control. You mean the grids are overloaded there?

Yes. What we've learned: grid connection. So in the Netherlands you can't get a grid connection any more. It's one of the first countries where we operated a completely autonomous parcel centre – for a while a small parcel centre – because we couldn't get a grid connection and had to run it on solar panels and batteries. So it's very – you really have to be very detailed, just understanding Germany's toll regulations, what's possible, what happens, and then for each country. It's a very, very decentralised matter. And accordingly we are now focusing

very clearly on countries for electrification where we have A sufficiently large traffic volumes, where B there are toll advantages, and where the other framework conditions – electricity price versus diesel price and a certain public infrastructure so that not everything depends on us – are right. There are countries that have just a single truck charging station, especially in Europe. That's simply more difficult.

And do you think you'll soon see leapfrogging? What's interesting is that in developing countries too, at least with passenger cars, you see a trend where electric mobility is rising very strongly right now – countries like Thailand or Indonesia in Southeast Asia, but even in South America and Africa – where you're seeing a boom in electric passenger cars.

Do you see the same thing for electric vans or electric trucks, that something like that could happen in countries that supposedly still have nothing now, but where in the coming years, because cost parity might arrive, there could be a boom? Cost parity is – everyone can calculate very well. I've noticed that too. So in fact there are many countries where an electric van already pays for itself in principle. What sometimes breaks our neck is then the necessary conversion work at the terminal before I have charging infrastructure there.

It's not so much the grid connection capacity as still the complete cabling of a site. Then things actually happen very quickly. With trucks, as I said, it's still very much dependent on tolls. Nevertheless, coming from an international corporation – when we think about Germany, we also think very much within German borders. When you go beyond the borders and look at what's happening in China right now, something quite different is already possible there.

Yes, I believe a very great momentum will be unleashed in the foreseeable future. When I started with the decarbonisation roadmap for twenty thirty, it was: is it hydrogen now or is it electric? We would have tended to bet: we don't know exactly what it is. But twenty thirty will be mostly HVO and bio-LNG – bio-LNG still there because the subcontractors liked it very much at that time. That wasn't even five years ago. Meanwhile we're driving, as I said, a good number of electric trucks and are also planning to continue in very big steps.

No one would have considered that realistic back then, and certainly not for twenty twenty-six. You sometimes underestimate the speed at which it then comes out at the back end. You weren't the only ones, I think, who underestimated this battery cost development. I think it was very surprising for everyone how quickly battery costs dropped and how quickly they are now being deployed in electric vehicles or as battery storage. For us they then still have to really be reflected in vehicle costs too.

But actually, as I said, it's less a vehicle problem than an infrastructure and electricity problem. One thing I wanted to mention about construction machinery: I was recently at a workshop where Norwegians and Dutch were also there, and they showed how they handle construction machinery with swappable batteries in their countries. And they showed that it definitely works if you want it, but only with swappable – that grid connections are indeed a problem.

In fact we looked at a battery-swapping operation in China – completely surprising. It was a mining operation. Big, clear thing: the trucks are infinitely expensive, they shouldn't be standing still. They don't have to stand parked charging somewhere all at once like we do with many hundreds of trucks, but rather when one runs empty at some point during the day, it drives up, swaps the battery and is back in operation immediately. That's already a very attractive case when you think about it. And it works – with these huge machines and in a pretty dirty environment.

I've also said this: the cleaner it is, the better it works. You sometimes underestimate that when you haven't really seen it and only stew in your own juice with the topic. One theme that I think is also important in this complexity we've just discussed is partners. What role do partners play for you? Often when you're a large company you also have to decide: what do I do myself, and where do I rely on partners? How did you handle that – with the elephant?

That's not such a big secret. We've also set up something like strategic partner management, especially for decarbonisation topics. We know that from the sustainable aviation fuel area too. That's where we started – I very much started with it – that partnerships also matter. Here too. We talk very closely with the OEMs: what trucks are actually coming? What can they do? What should they do – globally too. But we also talk with major energy players about such topics. I think we already talked about the

balance group. What is Germany optimising here? Then there's site optimisation beneath that. At all these levels we're trying out various solutions, including with partners. Right now we're actively working on a larger partnership in these areas. But we also partner very intensively with individual component manufacturers – CATL, Envision batteries, to name a few – because that's also a win-win situation. On the one hand they can help us decarbonise, on the other hand we can help decarbonise their logistics.

Envision, which builds a great many wind turbines, has incredible logistics to manage for these wind turbines. So there are partnerships at many, many levels. And on the software level – all the data and systems we've discussed: how do you deal with that? Is it a major challenge for you, or has it become easier in the age of AI? It's a major challenge. There are many – if you think about it: an energy management system still consists of very many individual components.

For these individual components we would now say you can buy them off the shelf. That's a bit too simple, but you can still buy them as a product. Where we're already thinking about software partnerships is when we now put a larger part of that into one box and think about: how do I want to optimise that as a whole? An energy management system across multiple components. Then it's not purely a software partner we're thinking about either, but rather a larger energy player who has experience there.

But the software components that are contained within it and that you have to talk about are astonishing. So with the projects we're working on now, when you look at these organisations: more than half are actually rather software-related workstreams that then have to be clarified for something like this to work, because it's a very complicated optimisation problem with very, very many levels. Yes, I can well imagine that. Now finally all these topics – that's data, and then from systems that are isolated but have to communicate with each other.

So, as I said, this one energy management system for Germany as a whole and then each site for itself sounds relatively simple. But each site has many thousands beneath it, and they all have to communicate. The meters, so the counters, basically have to communicate with each other. Data has to be exchanged. Forecasting: is my solar system in maintenance today? Is it working or not? Telematics – that will probably provide that, the central system will probably calculate that. These things have to be solved.

A bit to the point that really not every site is individually connected, but a certain proportion of very, very small sites is managed by the large system as a statistical average. But all that has to be thought through, and it's actually become largely a software problem. Yes, and you're a very large company with a large team that can also work on such topics. I also speak with smaller fleets who are a bit overwhelmed by this whole energy transition or have to manage it first.

What would be your tip, perhaps also for smaller ones? Or how would you think that even the smaller ones feel included in this transition? First I'd like to encourage all the smaller ones: being a large company doesn't only have advantages. Sometimes you also wish you could make faster decisions in smaller companies. But yes, so there are indeed – I've also worked in the start-up sector, stumbled over such contracts, yes, we also had once.

Before my innovation time we actually also had a very start-up-heavy period where I built up our internal incubator Startup Lab. We didn't even talk about that – does that still exist? No. So, we – that was then also a central seed for driving innovations forward, later decentralised and given more to the divisions, which also always makes sense in a large corporation. Very unfortunate for me. I really enjoyed the Startup Lab. You have great fun working with such visionary people.

But in terms of development it then eventually also went back to the divisions, because they then built up significantly more intensive innovation management themselves. Why am I talking about that? There's one thing, I know, that always kills small companies incredibly quickly. That's when I enter into such a partnership agreement or something. That's based on a contract – it starts with the MOU and then a contract. And entire legal departments can occupy themselves with that. We naturally have somewhat more substance where we can say:

Then someone can also occupy themselves with that for a while. That actually overwhelms a start-up incredibly quickly. That's very unfortunate. The second really big problem in that context is all the reporting, because the whole year – sometimes also because it's cheaper, but primarily also because I want to save carbon dioxide, because I want to do something good for the environment – and we at DHL do it for its own sake as well, but also for our customers. We want to sell it on. We want to document it. We want to document it reliably.

We also want to have this verified by external companies and then resell it as CO2-reduced transport. That means there's a whole lot of reporting required behind it – certifications. This is actually something that, the way it's set up and the way the EU thinks about it, can very quickly overwhelm a small to medium-sized company. I think that's a big problem – I have to say this – with electric trucks in particular. They're always called zero-emission trucks and are always titled that way by the EU.

In reality, they're only as green as the electricity you charge them with. And when we do this ourselves at our sites, we can prove that it's green electricity – through our solar installations, through PPAs and also certified green electricity. We can't do that so easily with our subcontractors. They also have to prove and document that it's green electricity, and they have to document to us that this amount of green electricity was actually charged for us. This is a relatively complex problem.

And such a business case isn't worthwhile if the truck doesn't subsequently drive around green. If it's half as dirty as a diesel truck, that doesn't help as a business case at all. This is a real problem because we're also not allowed to buy certificates for our subcontractors. European accounting, the regulatory framework behind it, prohibits that.

In fact, all subcontractors must decentrally consider how they can subsequently prove to their fleet service customers that it was green electricity that was used. This is a complexity that in my view is relatively unnecessary at this point, because they could have allowed us, at least in the initial phase, to buy certificates ourselves first. This is a tremendous reporting burden for subcontractors. Speaking of regulation and the EU.

Are there measures that would support you and also help electromobility and electrification of trucks? Yes. So, is the toll an EU regulation now? Yes, no, I don't even know. But tolls help. Fundamentally, it's provided for in the EU regulatory framework. Tolls help, I've already said that. That's actually the biggest part of the business case. Also the proper pricing of carbon: if diesel becomes more expensive through an ETS, that naturally helps the business case for electrification.

It has other disadvantages, and one can certainly also think about whether the money that's collected is then used in a targeted way or is scattered around. Those are things that are already helpful. In detail, many proof and reporting requirements are not particularly pragmatically thought through, I have to say carefully. I'm a big advocate of the EU, but there is actually complexity in many places that's brought in, particularly in reporting and proof, where you wonder whether that always happened with the right sense of proportion.

Sustainability has been much criticized in recent years. There was a wave where suddenly all companies wanted to be more sustainable. In recent years, perhaps also due to Trump, that's faded a bit more into the background. You seem to still be strongly engaged with these topics and really implementing them. How does that come about? Are there also trade-offs that you've had to make in recent years regarding sustainability? No, I don't think so yet. Sustainability would be, and also ESG:

I'm really just the E person in that ESG. But if we're talking about sustainability: yes, actually it's quite blunt – for our legal entity in America, it's forbidden to report on the percentage of women. That's forbidden by local law. We had to make a compromise there – we were forced to. Otherwise not. We also started very early not only to do this to somehow reduce our own footprint, but also to actually say: This is also a need of our customers.

And for all our core services we will also offer a partially decarbonised service – I'm not allowed to say "green" – a partially decarbonised service. That comes with a surcharge because it's more expensive. Sustainable fuels are more expensive. Even if on paper you're still at breakeven with an electric truck under very favourable conditions, the complexity you introduce to manage the whole thing comes with a certain surcharge. We sell that as a service.

So for us it's not just "we have to keep up appearances somewhere", but it's part of our business model. We depend on customers paying for it. That doesn't work equally well everywhere, but there are actually customer segments that have a willingness to pay for it. So what we do in sustainability is very deeply ingrained in us. Because we've set ourselves an absolute reduction target of 29 million tonnes, there's actually a very interesting – not trade-off, but – goal conflict between growth and decarbonisation.

We can actually grow faster than we can decarbonise if that happens in some areas. You have to keep that in balance. But actually – and I'm also a bit proud of the company for this – we're standing firm, we're still holding course. The thing about growth is one thing. Partly there are also very interesting negative effects. So due to the current political situation, you can no longer sail through the Red Sea and the Suez Canal so easily, but instead sail around South Africa, around Africa.

So in the first year that this occurred – I did not manage to procure enough sustainable fuel to offset what this effect had broken. Wow, that is a gigantic effect on our footprint – thousands of kilometres – which I hope will disappear again by 2030. But these are simply external factors that even DHL cannot influence and that then simply hit us. The inability to fly over Russian and Ukrainian airspace also leads to significant detours.

You mustn't underestimate that the aircraft naturally consume significantly more kerosene on routes that previously required less kerosene. By the way, that's smaller than sailing around the Horn of Africa. Speaking of aircraft: do you see that you could also be surprised that electric aircraft might exist? No. Or does that rule itself out because of battery density, probably? Those who have been following us for a very long time have seen that we have also worked with a small aircraft manufacturer who had planned to build electric aircraft.

have also discussed it before. We were rather surprised that this seems to be technically more difficult than suggested. So for the large transports, where we have the very largest footprint – heavy intercontinental transports – as a physicist, I cannot get the energy density I need there into the battery. The aircraft can't even fly with its own battery that it needs for such long distances. There will be small aircraft on short distances.

We also logically fly certain things to the Greek islands – if electric aircraft fly there on short distances: be my guest, yes, gladly. Even with hydrogen aircraft for long distances – that too is not so easy to think through in terms of the energy volume quantity that I somehow have to accommodate there. They may exist. But what people underestimate a bit: we want to be at net zero by 2050. Many by 2045 or 2040. An aircraft that I buy today will still be flying then. And that's not a hydrogen aircraft. That's not an electric one.

That means, at least the fleet that I've bought relatively recently – and we've bought quite a few Triple-Sevens new – will still be in operation in 2050. And it won't be electric then either. And it won't be hydrogen either. It will fly with SAF. That's the biggest lever we have until then, and what new inventions come along and gradually creep into the fleet, we'll have to wait and see. And we in logistics always sit at the back end anyway. Aircraft types are always built first for passenger transport.

That means, even if a really new aircraft – let's say a hydrogen medium-haul aircraft – does come along, it's first a passenger aircraft, and only then freight: it's either converted when it's at the end of its passenger lifetime, or the freight version comes along at some point later. We're coming into the home stretch. And I wanted to ask you: if you venture a look into the future – what you measure yourself and your team against – 2030: what would be a target vision where you'd say, okay, now we've been successful as DHL?

We have achieved certain goals that you work towards every day. So I'm really convinced that humans always initially underestimate everything that changes exponentially. You're then terribly disappointed at the beginning, where very little happens, that not much is happening, and surprised at the end by how much does come in such exponential growth. I'm really, really hoping for that with many climate topics. 2030 isn't that far away. So by 2030 there should certainly be thousands of electric trucks with us.

Not to mention the exact number now – but that should reach this order of magnitude. Not bad. Really nice. And I actually saw that for the first time with the electric vans, where a discussion didn't even take place about whether I might buy diesel again after all, simply because electric was already cheaper when you just did the maths. So that would be a nice target vision for me: 2030 is probably a bit too early, but at some point after that to reach the point where the discussion for trucks as well

has become completely obsolete in so far as that's the model where everyone also says: cheaper – we don't need to now. I don't need to be convinced anymore. I'll buy it because it's the cheaper option. That would be a really nice target vision to work towards. Then at the latest it's also possible and easier for everyone in the whole world to make the switch, without any support. It will happen country by country, where this point is reached. But if it's in a large country, that would be something already. Then, Andreas,

thank you very much for the conversation. Yes, thank you. From the conversation with Andreas Mündel, one thing above all stands out: The electrification of road freight transport is not purely a vehicle issue. It changes the entire logic of a logistics system. Even when only 10% of the truck fleet runs electrically, electricity consumption can increase significantly. That's why initially you need an interplay of grid connection, battery storage and intelligent load management. Later, this could evolve into a fundamental replanning of logistics.

Locations would then potentially no longer be situated only at motorway junctions, but also where sufficient electricity is available. Another point is the software. In DHL's current projects, software-related tasks make up more than half of the workstream. Thousands of locations, charging points, solar installations, batteries and timetables need to communicate with each other. And finally, the transformation also affects subcontractors. They not only have to electrify, but also provide reliable proof to their clients of what electricity they have used for driving.

A reporting obligation that quickly overwhelms smaller operations. Andreas' vision for the coming years is therefore clear: thousands of electric trucks and a business case where the question of diesel or electric eventually resolves itself through cheaper operation. Battery swapping and bidirectional charging remain options for later. What matters today is that the infrastructure grows, the reservation systems work and the green electricity reaches the subcontractor as such.

By the way, if you want further perspectives on this topic, do listen to the previous episodes with Achim Kamka, who founded the StreetScooter, or Nano Jansen, employer of the electric trucker, and Michael Clark, co-founder of the A-track app. Until next time.

Episode notes

An Spitzentagen verlassen rund 200 LKW das Paketzentrum Ludwigsfelde, und selbst wenn Strom da wäre, gäbe es keinen Platz, sie dort zu laden. Andreas Mündel, der bei der DHL Group in der Konzernstrategie die Dekarbonisierung des Geschäfts verantwortet, erklärt, warum die Elektrifizierung schwerer LKW längst kein Fahrzeugproblem mehr ist, sondern ein Infrastruktur- und Stromproblem. DHL hat sich ein wissenschaftlich validiertes Zwischenziel von 29 Millionen Tonnen CO₂ für 2030 gesetzt, ausgehend von über 32 Millionen Tonnen im vergangenen Jahr. Gut zwei Drittel der Emissionen stammen aus der Luftfahrt, an zweiter Stelle steht der Straßenverkehr und dort vor allem der Schwerlastverkehr. Bei den Zustellfahrzeugen elektrifiziert DHL seit über einem Jahrzehnt und hat das Last- und Lademanagement damals selbst programmiert, weil es kein passendes gab. Beim LKW ändert sich die Größenordnung: ein E-LKW entspricht beim Laden etwa 80 Zustellfahrzeugen, ein ladendes Depot landet schnell bei 5 Megavoltampere, und schon zehn Prozent elektrifizierte LKW würden den heutigen Energieverbrauch verdoppeln. In Deutschland verteilt sich die Antwort darauf auf knapp 900 Verteilnetzbetreiber mit jeweils eigenen Regeln, von "können wir reservieren" bis "kommt 2030 wieder", weshalb Andreas eine Positivliste der Standorte führt, an denen überhaupt genug Strom verfügbar wäre. Der zweite Engpass ist banaler: Platz. Aus dem Paketzentrum Ludwigsfelde gehen an Spitzentagen 200 LKW raus, und Stellplätze für 200 ladende LKW gibt es dort nicht. Damit hängt die Elektrifizierung an Geschäftsmodellen, die es so noch nicht gibt. Andreas spricht mit Betreibern künftiger Ladeparks über Grundlastgarantien: DHL belegt acht von zehn Ladepunkten verlässlich und bekommt dafür einen günstigeren Tarif, statt des festen Zapfpreises aus der Tankstellenlogik. Strom muss dafür bei etwa 37 bis 39 Cent liegen, nicht bei den rund 70 Cent an der Autobahn, und der größte Teil des Business Case kommt ohnehin aus der eingesparten Maut. Reservierbare Ladeslots für LKW existieren bislang nicht, und für Subunternehmer fehlt ein sauberes Modell, wie sie den grünen Strom nachweisen, den sie auf DHLs Rechnung laden: Zertifikate für sie zu kaufen verbietet das europäische Regelwerk. Bei der Reihenfolge wird Andreas deutlich: erst Peak Shaving und Batteriespeicher, dann die zeitliche Verschiebung über den Preisanreiz, erst später die Umplanung des Logistiknetzwerks selbst. Bidirektionales Laden sieht er dagegen nicht in absehbarer Zeit, weil bis dahin ohnehin genug stationäre Speicher stehen, aus denen er zuerst zieht. Dazu kommen der Range Extender, ein vollwertiger E-LKW, bei dem ein Batteriemodul einem kleinen Dieselgenerator weicht, Battery Swapping aus einem chinesischen Minenbetrieb, und die Beobachtung des Physikers, dass die Summe aller lokal optimierten Standorte nicht das Optimum des Gesamtsystems ist. Eine Folge über die harten physikalischen Grenzen hinter einem weichen Ziel, und darüber, wie der Moment aussieht, in dem niemand mehr überzeugt werden muss, weil der Elektro-LKW schlicht der günstigere ist.